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This section introduces some basic concepts surrounding the climate system, climate change and climate variability. We will provide some insights into the challenges of climate modelling and what the inherent uncertainty really means for us, before exploring the way adaptation has so far been dis...


Neufeldt, HenrySand, Isabel van deDietz, JohannesMinh HHYatich, T.Lasco, RodelNoordwijk, Meine van[Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options]Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options

In this section we provide a more in-depth look at the role trees play in the provision of goods and services in multifunctional landscapes. Tree growth is, however, vulnerable to climate variability, depending on the physiological properties of the tree and characteristics of the site. A further...


Jamnadass, Ramni H.Gebrekirstos, AsterNeufeldt, HenryMuthuri CDawson, I.Kindt, RoelandNyberg YDietz, JohannesBayala, JulesKuyah SOng CKSotelo Montes, CarmenWeber, John C.Hairiah KNoordwijk, Meine van[Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change]Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change

In this final section we will discuss the interrelationships among people, trees and local climate (the inner circle of the diagram), and all the surrounding issues at national and international levels, and then relate our current understanding and knowledge of these interrelations to opportuniti...


Leimona BNoordwijk, Meine vanJoshi, LaxmanCatacutan, D.Yatich, T.Dietz, JohannesMwangi HGathenya JMMuthuri CSinclair, Fergus L.Bhattarai, S.Onyango, LeahSuyantoKalinganire, AntoineNoordin QBayala, JulesGebrekirstos, AsterTscherning KDuque Piñon, C.[Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as source of environmental services]Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as source of environmental services

The main argument in this section is that changing (or 'transforming') landscapes and lives are mutually dependent on each other, as they are closely linked in time and space. Within the landscape continuum, the roles of landscape elements in supplying goods and services to local livelihoods, how...


Noordwijk, Meine vanOnyango, LeahKalinganire, AntoineJoshi, LaxmanHoang, Minh HaNdichu, NestryJamnadass, Ramni H.[Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes]Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes

The key hypotheses underlying ASB research in Indonesia has been intensifying land use as an alternative to slash and burn can simultaneously reduce deforestation and reduce poverty. The intensification hypothesis hinges on the existence of opportunities to raise the productivity of smallholder s...


Tomich, Thomas P.Noordwijk, Meine vanBudidarsono, S.Gillison, A.N.Kusumanto, T.Murdiyarso, DanielStolle, F.Fagi, A.M.[Agricultural intensification, deforestation, and the environment: assessing tradeoffs in Sumatra, Indonesia]Agricultural intensification, deforestation, and the environment: assessing tradeoffs in Sumatra, Indonesia

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