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Estimating the incomes of people whose livelihoods depend on the forests is a key to understanding their well being and the use of the forest. Yet there has been little agreement about the methods to undertake such assessment. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the methods availab...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Nawir, A.A.[Estimating the incomes of people who depend on forests]Estimating the incomes of people who depend on forests

In Indonesia, rapid deforestation is affecting local populations’ access to forest, yet little information is available about the impacts of deforestation on highly forest-dependent populations. To better understand these potential impacts, this document reports on economic and cultural uses of t...


Uluk, A.Sudana, M.Wollenberg, Eva K.[Ketergantungan masyarakat Dayak terhadap hutan di sekitar Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang]Ketergantungan masyarakat Dayak terhadap hutan di sekitar Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang

As most nontimber forest products (NTFPs) are low cash value, their potential for generating significant income appears limited. Low value products can, however, result in significant incomes when people specialize in them.


Wollenberg, Eva K.Nawir, A.A.[Turning straw into gold: specialization among damar agroforest farmers in pesisir, Sumatra]Turning straw into gold: specialization among damar agroforest farmers in pesisir, Sumatra

Income measures are increasingly used as an indicator of the well-being of forest villagers, their use of forest products, and even the value of a forest. The methods for estimating income are often underreported, however, and little analysis is available of the methods required to measure income...


Wollenberg, Eva K.[Methods for estimating forest income and their challenges]Methods for estimating forest income and their challenges

The economic importance of Gaharu is assessed in three villages on the Bahau River in north-central Borneo to gain insights about the incentives for harvesting and management of valuable non-timber forest product. Three indicators of economic value-level and proportion of income, returns to labor...


Wollenberg, Eva K.[Incentives for collecting gaharu (fungal-infected wood of Aquilaria SPP, Thymelaeaceae) in East Kalimantan]Incentives for collecting gaharu (fungal-infected wood of Aquilaria SPP, Thymelaeaceae) in East Kalimantan

Resin producing agroforestry in the Krui area of Sumatra in Indonesia is presented as an environmentally friendly, income generating land-use system which contributes to both development and conservation objectives. We studied the change in household income portfolios in three communities in the ...


Kusters, K.Ruiz Perez, M.Foresta, H. deDietz, T.Ros-Tonen, M.A.F.Belcher, B.Manalu, P.Nawir, A.A.Wollenberg, Eva K.[Will agroforests vanish? the case of damar agroforests in Indonesia]Will agroforests vanish? the case of damar agroforests in Indonesia

Data from damar agroforest and hill dipterocarp forest sites suggest that income alone is inadequate for explaining why people conserve a non-timber forest product. The explanatory value of several cash income-based indicators was tested and the results showed that these indicators provide only a...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Nawir, A.A.Uluk, A.Pramono, H.[Income is not enough: the effect of economic incentives on forest product conservation: a comparison of forest communities dependent on the agroforests of Krui, Sumatra and natural dipterocarp forests of Kayan Mentarang, East Kalimantan]Income is not enough: the effect of economic incentives on forest product conservation: a comparison of forest communities dependent on the agroforests of Krui, Sumatra and natural dipterocarp forests of Kayan Mentarang, East Kalimantan

In the last two decades, there has been increasing interest in the potential of small-scale non-timber forest product collection and other low-impact uses of the forest for achieving forest conservation. Experience suggests however that such uses do not guarantee conservation and economic outcome...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Ingles, A.[Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communities]Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communities

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