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INTRODUCTION: Rectocele is a common condition, which on imaging is defined by a pocket identified on Valsalva or defecation. Cut-offs of 10 and 20 mm for pocket depth have been described. This study analyses the correlation between rectocele depth and symptoms of bowel dysfunction to define a cut...

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the effect of a second delivery on pelvic floor anatomy. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of data obtained in two perinatal imaging studies. Women were invited for antenatal and two postnatal appointments. All had answered a standardized questionnaire and undergo...

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Levator trauma is common after vaginal delivery, either as macrotrauma, i.e., levator avulsion, or microtrauma, i.e., irreversible overdistension of the levator hiatus. The effect of microtrauma on muscle function is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that levator trau...

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Levator avulsion is an etiological factor for female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and generally occurs during a first vaginal birth. However, most women with POP present decades later. This study aimed to estimate latency between pelvic floor trauma and presentation fo...

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI) are a major form of maternal birth trauma. Ultrasound imaging is commonly used to evaluate the condition. We undertook a study to compare the sonographic appearance of the external anal sphincter (EAS) 3 to 6 months and 2 to 3 ...

Levator avulsion is a common consequence of vaginal childbirth. It is associated with symptomatic female pelvic organ prolapse and is also a predictor of recurrence after surgical correction. Skills and hardware necessary for diagnosis by imaging are, however, not universally available. Diagnosis...