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The government of Bangladesh is increasingly paying attention to the safe collection and disposal of fecal sludge from pit latrines in rural areas. In this paper, we report on current sludge disposal practices from single-pit latrines, by conducting a survey of 1,091 households with pit latrines ...


Balasubramanya, SoumyaEvans, E.Ahmed, R.Habib, A.Asad, N.S.M.Rahman, M.Hasan, M.Dey, D.Camargo-Valero, M.A.Rao, Krishna ChaitanyaFernando, Sudarshana[Take it away: the need for designing fecal sludge disposal services for single-pit latrines]Take it away: the need for designing fecal sludge disposal services for single-pit latrines

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of irrigation delivery services and agricultural extension services on crop choice in southern Tajikistan. This analysis is motivated by the government’s recent efforts to address the country’s severe malnutrition problem by supporting changes in irr...


Buisson, Marie-CharlotteBalasubramanya, Soumya[The effect of irrigation service delivery and training in agronomy on crop choice in Tajikistan]The effect of irrigation service delivery and training in agronomy on crop choice in Tajikistan

This paper provides an overview of policy responses to arsenic in groundwater in rural Bangladesh to assess their role and potential effectiveness in reducing exposure. With 97% of the country consuming groundwater for drinking, there is a continuing crisis of tens of millions of people exposed t...


Balasubramanya, SoumyaHorbulyk, Theodore M.[Groundwater arsenic in Bangladesh: what's new for policy research?]Groundwater arsenic in Bangladesh: what's new for policy research?

Global discourses have advocated women's empowerment as a means to enhance food security. Our objective was to critically review the causal linkages between women's empowerment and food availability and access. We relied on mixed methods and a cross-country analysis, using household survey data f...


Clement, FlorianeBuisson, Marie-CharlotteLeder, StephanieBalasubramanya, SoumyaSaikia, PanchaliBastakoti, Ram C.Karki, EmmaKoppen, Barbara C.M. van[From women's empowerment to food security: revisiting global discourses through a cross-country analysis]From women's empowerment to food security: revisiting global discourses through a cross-country analysis

This article describes the conceptual advantages of including economic incentives in the basket of policy alternatives available for motivating improvements in water quality. With a particular focus on Asia, we discuss the incentives available for encouraging reductions in point and nonpoint sour...


Balasubramanya, SoumyaWichelns, Dennis[Economic incentives can enhance policy efforts to improve water quality in Asia]Economic incentives can enhance policy efforts to improve water quality in Asia

This analysis provides new estimates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence – including CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) – across ten districts most affected by CKD in Sri Lanka, including an examination of rural households' historical reliance on groundwater consumption. A carefully designed h...


Kafle, KashiBalasubramanya, SoumyaHorbulyk, Ted[Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka: a profile of affected districts reliant on groundwater]Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka: a profile of affected districts reliant on groundwater

This paper examines whether longer training increases farm participation in community-managed water user associations, in a context where assignment to training duration was not randomized and none of these institutions existed before training began. We also examine whether participation is affec...


Balasubramanya, Soumya[Effects of training duration and the role of gender on farm articipation in water user associations in southern Tajikistan: implications for irrigation management]Effects of training duration and the role of gender on farm articipation in water user associations in southern Tajikistan: implications for irrigation management

Motivation: Proper management of fecal sludge has significant positive health and environmental externalities. Most research on managing onsite sanitation so far either simulates the costs of, or the welfare effects from, managing sludge in situ in pit latrines. Thus, designing management strateg...


Balasubramanya, SoumyaEvans, B.Hardy, R.Ahmed, R.Habib, A.Asad, N.S.M.Rahman, M.Hasan, H.Dey, D.Fletcher, J.Camargo-Valero, M.A.[Towards sustainable sanitation management: Establishing the costs and willingness to pay for emptying and transporting sludge in rural districts with high rates of access to latrines]Towards sustainable sanitation management: Establishing the costs and willingness to pay for emptying and transporting sludge in rural districts with high rates of access to latrines

A national campaign of well testing through 2003 enabled households in rural Bangladesh to switch, at least for drinking water, from high-arsenic wells to neighboring lower arsenic wells. We study the well-switching dynamics over time by re-interviewing, in 2008, a randomly selected subset of hou...


Balasubramanya, SoumyaPfaff, A.Bennear, L.Tarozzi, A.Ahmed, K.M.Schoenfeld, A.Geen, A. van[Evolution of households’ responses to the groundwater arsenic crisis in Bangladesh: information on environmental health risks can have increasing behavioral impact over time]Evolution of households’ responses to the groundwater arsenic crisis in Bangladesh: information on environmental health risks can have increasing behavioral impact over time

Safe emptying and disposal of fecal sludge from pit latrines in rural areas has become a priority for the Government of Bangladesh. In this paper, we calculate the volume and characterize the hazards of managing sludge to identify technologies for safely emptying rural single pits. In Bhaluka sub...


Balasubramanya, SoumyaEvans, B.Ahmed, R.Habib, A.Asad, N.S.M.Vuong, L.Rahman, M.Hasan, M.Dey, D.Camargo-Valero, M.A.[Pump it up: making single-pit emptying safer in rural Bangladesh]Pump it up: making single-pit emptying safer in rural Bangladesh

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