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Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) of humans and domestic animals are a significant component of the global burden of disease and a key driver of poverty. The transmission cycles of VBDs are often strongly mediated by the ecological requirements of the vectors, resulting in complex transmission dynamic...


Lo Iacono, G.Cunningham, A.A.Bett, Bernard K.Grace, DeliaRedding, D.W.Wood, J.L.N.[Environmental limits of Rift Valley fever revealed using ecoepidemiological mechanistic models]Environmental limits of Rift Valley fever revealed using ecoepidemiological mechanistic models

We implemented a cross-sectional study in Tana River County, Kenya, a Rift Valley fever (RVF)-endemic area, to quantify the strength of association between RVF virus (RVFv) seroprevalences in livestock and humans, and their respective intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ICCs). The study invol...


Bett, Bernard K.Lindahl, Johanna F.Sang, R.Wainaina, M.Kairu-Wanyoike, S.Bukachi, S.Njeru, I.Karanja, J.Ontiri, E.Njenga, M.K.Wright, D.Warimwe, G.M.Grace, Delia[Association between Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalences in livestock and humans and their respective intra-cluster correlation coefficients, Tana River County, Kenya]Association between Rift Valley fever virus seroprevalences in livestock and humans and their respective intra-cluster correlation coefficients, Tana River County, Kenya

Background Malaria, a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by female anopheline mosquitoes, is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and loss in productivity in humans. Baringo County is prone to seasonal transmissions of malaria mostly in the rainy season...


Mutua, E.N.Bukachi, S.A.Bett, Bernard K.Estambale, B.B.A.Nyamongo, I.K.[Lay knowledge and management of malaria in Baringo county, Kenya]Lay knowledge and management of malaria in Baringo county, Kenya

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease with wide geographical spread. Its presence in Kenya and some of the neighbouring countries has been documented before and it is thought to contribute significantly to the number of febrile cases in human populations and abortions in liv...


Wainaina, M.Bett, Bernard K.Ontiri, E.Picozzi, K.Agwanda, B.Strand, T.Grace, DeliaLundkvist, A.Lindahl, Johanna F.[Leptospira bacteria detected in rodents in Tana River and Garissa counties of Kenya]Leptospira bacteria detected in rodents in Tana River and Garissa counties of Kenya

Animal health surveillance is essential for protecting public health, enhancing access to international markets for animals and their products, and improving animal health, production and welfare. It is of vital importance for protecting and improving the livelihoods of diverse groups of livestoc...


Mariner, Jeffrey C.Hendrickx, Saskia C.J.Pfeiffer, Dirk U.Costard, S.Knopf, L.Okuthe, S.Chibeu, D.Parmley, J.Musenero, M.Pissang, C.Zingeser, J.Jones, B.Ali, S.N.Bett, Bernard K.McLaws, M.Unger, FredAraba, A.Mehta-Bhatt, PurviJost, Christine[Integration of participatory approaches into surveillance systems]Integration of participatory approaches into surveillance systems

The spread of H5N1 avian influenza continues to pose an economic burden and a public health risk worldwide. Despite this, estimates of the transmissibility of infection exist in only a handful of settings and vary considerably. Using final size methods and flock-level infection data from a field ...


Walker, P.G.T.Jost, ChristineGhani, A.C.Cauchemez, S.Bett, Bernard K.Azhar, M.Murahman, J.Widiastuti, T.Daju, D.Mariner, Jeffrey C.[Estimating the transmissibility of H5N1 and effect of vaccination in Indonesia]Estimating the transmissibility of H5N1 and effect of vaccination in Indonesia

We conducted an operational research study involving backyard and semicommercial farms on Java Island, Indonesia, between April 2008 and September 2009 to evaluate the effectiveness of two preventive mass vaccination strategies against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). One regimen used Le...


Bett, Bernard K.McLaws, M.Jost, ChristineSchoonman, L.Unger, FredPoole, Elizabeth J.Lapar, Ma. LucilaSiregar, E.S.Azhar, M.Hidayat, M.M.Dunkle, S.E.Mariner, Jeffrey C.[The effectiveness of preventative mass vaccination regimes against the incidence of highly pathogenic avian influenza on Java Island, Indonesia]The effectiveness of preventative mass vaccination regimes against the incidence of highly pathogenic avian influenza on Java Island, Indonesia

We quantified the between-village transmission rate, β (the rate of transmission of H5N1 HPAI virus per effective contact), and the reproductive number, Re (the average number of outbreaks caused by one infectious village during its entire infectious period), of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influ...


Bett, Bernard K.Henning, J.Abdu, P.Okike, I.Poole, Elizabeth J.Young, J.Randolph, Thomas F.Perry, Brian D.[Transmission rate and reproductive number of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus during the December 2005-July 2008 epidemic in Nigeria]Transmission rate and reproductive number of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus during the December 2005-July 2008 epidemic in Nigeria

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 occurred in Nigeria between December 2005 and July 2008. We describe temporal and spatial characteristics of these outbreaks at State and Local Government Area (LGA) levels. A total of 25 of 37 States (67.6%; Exact 95% CI: 50.2–82.0%) and...


Henning, J.Bett, Bernard K.Okike, I.Abdu, P.Perry, Brian D.[Incidence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Nigeria, 2005-2008]Incidence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Nigeria, 2005-2008

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) food poisoning results from consumption of preformed S. aureus enterotoxins in food. The enterotoxins are one of the most important virulence factors of the bacterium. The risk posed by contamination of milk intended for human consumption by pathogenic S. aureus in past...


Omwenga, I.Aboge, G.O.Mitema, E.S.Obiero, G.Ngaywa, C.Ngwili, Nicholas M.Wamwere-Njoroge, George J.Wainaina, MartinBett, Bernard K.[Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes detected in milk from various livestock species in northern pastoral region of Kenya]Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes detected in milk from various livestock species in northern pastoral region of Kenya

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