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In this section we provide a more in-depth look at the role trees play in the provision of goods and services in multifunctional landscapes. Tree growth is, however, vulnerable to climate variability, depending on the physiological properties of the tree and characteristics of the site. A further...


Jamnadass, Ramni H.Gebrekirstos, AsterNeufeldt, HenryMuthuri CDawson, I.Kindt, RoelandNyberg YDietz, JohannesBayala, JulesKuyah SOng CKSotelo Montes, CarmenWeber, John C.Hairiah KNoordwijk, Meine van[Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change]Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change

Providing a detailed picture of the values of trees for local people in the tropics is a difficult undertaking. Not only does this represent the difficulty in accounting for values outside formal markets, but it also reflects the multiplicity of the species involved and the many different ways in...


Neufeldt, HenryDawson, Ian K.Luedeling, EikeAjayi, Oluyede C.Beedy, TracyGebrekirstos, AsterJamnadass, Ramni H.König, K.Sileshi, Gudeta W.Simelton, ElisabethSotelo Montes, CarmenWeber, John C.[Climate change vulnerability of agroforestry]Climate change vulnerability of agroforestry

In this final section we will discuss the interrelationships among people, trees and local climate (the inner circle of the diagram), and all the surrounding issues at national and international levels, and then relate our current understanding and knowledge of these interrelations to opportuniti...


Leimona BNoordwijk, Meine vanJoshi, LaxmanCatacutan, D.Yatich, T.Dietz, JohannesMwangi HGathenya JMMuthuri CSinclair, Fergus L.Bhattarai, S.Onyango, LeahSuyantoKalinganire, AntoineNoordin QBayala, JulesGebrekirstos, AsterTscherning KDuque Piñon, C.[Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as source of environmental services]Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as source of environmental services

The relationships between annual wood stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C), dry season midday plant water potential, and annual growth rate were investigated to asses the ability of agroforestry species to adapt to climate changes. 6–8 stem disks from four co-occurring species (Acacia senegal...


Gebrekirstos, AsterNoordwijk, Meine vanNeufeldt, HenryMitlöhner, Ralph[Relationships of stable carbon isotopes, plant water potential and growth: an approach to asses water use efficiency and growth strategies of dry land agroforestry species]Relationships of stable carbon isotopes, plant water potential and growth: an approach to asses water use efficiency and growth strategies of dry land agroforestry species

Tree rings and stable isotopes in tree rings provide evidence of past climate variability. Given the short instrumental climate records that exist in Africa, dendrochronology adds an essential longer-term perspective on climate change and variability and on the adaptation of agroforestry landscap...


Gebrekirstos, AsterBräuning, A.Noordwijk, Meine vanMitlöhner, Ralph[Understanding past, present, and future climate changes from East to West Africa]Understanding past, present, and future climate changes from East to West Africa

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