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The transcriptional control of gene expression is not well documented in the Arthropoda. We describe transcriptional analysis of two exceptionally divergent homologues (Ra86) of the Bm86 gut antigen from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Bm86 forms the basis of a commercial vaccine for the control of...


Kamau, L.Skilton, Robert A.Odongo, David O.Mwaura, S.Githaka, Naftaly W.Kanduma, E.G.Obura, M.Kabiru, E.Orago, A.Musoke, A.J.Bishop, Richard P.[Differential transcription of two highly divergent gut-expressed Bm86 antigen gene homologues in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodida)]Differential transcription of two highly divergent gut-expressed Bm86 antigen gene homologues in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodida)

Recently, mortalities among giraffes, attributed to infection with unique species of piroplasms were reported in South Africa. Although haemoparasites are known to occur in giraffes of Kenya, the prevalence, genetic diversity and pathogenicity of these parasites has not been investigated. In thi...


Githaka, Naftaly W.Konnai, S.Skilton, Robert A.Kariuki, E.Kanduma, E.G.Murata, S.Ohashi, K.[Genotypic variations in field isolates of Theileria species infecting giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi and Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) in Kenya]Genotypic variations in field isolates of Theileria species infecting giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi and Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) in Kenya

Background The ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus transmits the apicomplexan protozoan parasite Theileria parva,which causes East coast fever (ECF), the most economically important cattle disease in eastern and southern Africa. Recent analysis of micro- and minisatellite markers showed an a...


Kanduma, E.G.Mwacharo, Joram M.Githaka, Naftaly W.Kinyanjui, P.W.Njuguna, J.Kamau, L.M.Kariuki, E.Mwaura, S.Skilton, Robert A.Bishop, Richard P.[Analyses of mitochondrial genes reveal two sympatric but genetically divergent lineages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in Kenya]Analyses of mitochondrial genes reveal two sympatric but genetically divergent lineages of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in Kenya

Globally, malaria remains one of the most important vector-borne diseases despite the extensive use of vector control, including indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). These control methods target endophagic vectors, whereas some malaria vectors, such as Anopheles ara...


Poché, R.M.Githaka, Naftaly W.Gool, F. vanKading, R.C.Hartman, D.A.Polyakova, L.Abworo, E.O.Nene, VishvanathLozano-Fuentes, Saul[Preliminary efficacy investigations of oral fipronil against Anopheles arabiensis when administered to Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) under field conditions]Preliminary efficacy investigations of oral fipronil against Anopheles arabiensis when administered to Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) under field conditions

Commercial vaccines based on recombinant forms of the Bm86 tick gut antigen are used to control the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, a 1-host species, in Australia and Latin America. We describe herein sequence polymorphism in genes encoding Ra86 homologues of Bm86 in the brown ear ...


Kamau, L.M.Skilton, Robert A.Githaka, Naftaly W.Kiara, Henry K.Kabiru, E.Shah, TushaarMusoke, A.J.Bishop, Richard P.[Extensive polymorphism of Ra86 genes in field populations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus from Kenya]Extensive polymorphism of Ra86 genes in field populations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus from Kenya

Inorganic PPases are essential metal-dependent enzymes that convert pyrophosphate into orthophosphate. This reaction is quite exergonic and provides a thermodynamic advantage for many ATP-driven biosynthetic reactions. We have previously demonstrated that cytosolic PPase from R. microplus embryos...


Costa, E.P.Façanha, A.R.Cruz, C.S.Silva, J.N.Machado, J.A.Carvalho, G.M.Fernandes, M.R.Martins, R.Campos, E.Romeiro, N.C.Githaka, Naftaly W.Konnai, S.Ohashi, K.Vaz, I.S.Logullo, C.[A novel mechanism of functional cooperativity regulation by thiol redox status in a dimeric inorganic pyrophosphatase]A novel mechanism of functional cooperativity regulation by thiol redox status in a dimeric inorganic pyrophosphatase

Among arthropods, ticks lead as vectors of animal diseases and rank second to mosquitoes in transmitting human pathogens. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) participate in cell cycle control in eukaryotes. CDKs are serine/threonine protein kinases and these catalytic subunits are activated or inactiv...


Gomes, H.Moraes, J.Githaka, Naftaly W.Martins, R.Isezaki, M.Silva Vaz, I. daLogullo, C.Konnai, S.Ohashi, K.[Vaccination with cyclin-dependent kinase tick antigen confers protection against Ixodes infestation]Vaccination with cyclin-dependent kinase tick antigen confers protection against Ixodes infestation

Githaka, Naftaly W.Odongo, D.Lekolool, I.Konnai, S.Bishop, Richard P.[Novel Theileria genotypes from wildlife in a Theileria parva—Endemic area in Kenya]Novel Theileria genotypes from wildlife in a Theileria parva—Endemic area in Kenya

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus is an important tick vector of several pathogens and parasitizes domestic and wild animals across eastern and southern Africa. However, its inherent genetic variation and population structure is poorly understood. To investigate whether mammalian host species, geograp...


Kanduma, E.G.Mwacharo, Joram M.Mwaura, S.Njuguna, J.N.Nzuki, I.Kinyanjui, P.W.Githaka, Naftaly W.Heyne, H.Hanotte, Olivier H.Skilton, Robert A.Bishop, Richard P.[Multi-locus genotyping reveals absence of genetic structure in field populations of the brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) in Kenya]Multi-locus genotyping reveals absence of genetic structure in field populations of the brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) in Kenya

The tick population of Africa includes several important genera belonging to the family Ixodidae. Many of these ticks are vectors of protozoan and rickettsial pathogens including Theileria parva that causes East Coast fever, a debilitating cattle disease endemic to eastern, central and southern A...


Rothen, J.Githaka, Naftaly W.Kanduma, E.G.Olds, Cassandra L.Pflueger, V.Mwaura, S.Bishop, Richard P.Daubenberger, C.A.[Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for comprehensive indexing of East African Ixodid tick species]Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for comprehensive indexing of East African Ixodid tick species

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