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Contamination levels of water and crops which exceed common standards are only a first indication of human health risks. This chapter shows estimates of human health risks from consumption of wastewater-irrigated vegetables based for example on dose-response modeling. The chapter focuses on hum...


Drechsel, PayKeraita, Bernard N.Seidu, R.Abaidoo, R.C.[Human health risks from wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming]Human health risks from wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming

This chapter describes the different irrigation methods and nutrient application practices used by urban vegetable farmers. Data are based on surveys conducted in Kumasi, Accra and Tamale. Recent relevant publications are also reviewed.


Keraita, Bernard N.Cofie, Olufunke O.[Irrigation and soil fertility management practices]Irrigation and soil fertility management practices

This chapter presents approaches tested in Ghana to mitigate wastewater irrigation-related risks for consumers and farmers from microbial contamination. The recommended interventions follow the WHO approach concerning multiple barriers along the food chain. Factors that could support the uptake o...


Drechsel, PayKeraita, Bernard N.Amoah, PhilipKarg, H.[Health risk management for safe vegetable irrigation]Health risk management for safe vegetable irrigation
Pavelic, PaulGiordano, MarkKeraita, Bernard N.Ramesh, VidyaRao, T.[Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries]Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries

Bos, R.Mara, D.Bahri, AkissaJiménez, B.Stenstrom, T.A.Huibers, F.Redwood, M.Kinane, M.Hamilton, A.Murray, A.Nelson, K.Abaidoo, R.C.Raschid-Sally, LiqaTiongco, M.M.Razak, S.Ensink, J.Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.Kone, D.Drechsel, PayMoe, C.Buckley, C.Niang, S.Scott, C.Amoah, PhilipDalahmeh, S.Cissé, G.Kone, B.LeJeune, J.Karg, H.Keraita, Bernard N.Evans, Alexandra E.V.Zwane, A.Silverman, A.Armstrong, J.Awadzi, D.Cofie, Olufunke O.Schoeffler, M.Rooijen, Daniel J. vanMensah, Ernest Abraham[Accra Consensus: Agenda for Research, Capacity Building and Action on the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture]Accra Consensus: Agenda for Research, Capacity Building and Action on the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture
Keraita, Bernard N.Drechsel, PayKonradsen, FlemmingVreugdenhil, R.C.[Potential of simple filters to improve microbial quality of irrigation water used in urban vegetable farming in Ghana]Potential of simple filters to improve microbial quality of irrigation water used in urban vegetable farming in Ghana

Assessment was done of heavy-metal contamination and its related health risks in urban vegetable farming in Accra. Samples of irrigation water (n=120), soil (n=144) and five different kinds of vegetable (n=240) were collected and analyzed for copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and coba...


Lente, I.Keraita, Bernard N.Drechsel, PayOfosu-Anim, J.Brimah, A. K.[Risk assessment of heavy-metal contamination on vegetables grown in long-term wastewater irrigated urban farming sites in Accra, Ghana.]Risk assessment of heavy-metal contamination on vegetables grown in long-term wastewater irrigated urban farming sites in Accra, Ghana.
Keraita, Bernard N.Drechsel, Pay[Implementing non-conventional options for safe water reuse in agriculture in resource poor environments.]Implementing non-conventional options for safe water reuse in agriculture in resource poor environments.

The international chapter of the 2012 EPA Water Reuse Guidelines is currently under development. This chapter aims to identify tools and approaches used in the international context that can strengthen water reuse in the US. The main objective is to review international experiences in order to ga...


Silva, A. daDrechsel, PayKeraita, Bernard N.Lautze, JonathanStander, E.[Global experiences in water reuse: summary and recommendations for the USEPA 2012 water reuse guidelines]Global experiences in water reuse: summary and recommendations for the USEPA 2012 water reuse guidelines

Irrigation using untreated wastewater poses health risks to farmers and consumers of crop products, especially vegetables. With hardly any wastewater treatment in Ghana, a multiple-barrier approach was adopted and safe re-use practices were developed through action research involving a number of ...


Keraita, Bernard N.Abaidoo, R.C.Beernaerts, InesKoo-Oshima, SashaAmoah, PhilipDrechsel, PayKonradsen, Flemming[Safe re-use practices in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana.]Safe re-use practices in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana.

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