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This section introduces some basic concepts surrounding the climate system, climate change and climate variability. We will provide some insights into the challenges of climate modelling and what the inherent uncertainty really means for us, before exploring the way adaptation has so far been dis...


Neufeldt, HenrySand, Isabel van deDietz, JohannesMinh HHYatich, T.Lasco, RodelNoordwijk, Meine van[Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options]Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options

Multifunctional landscapes and species-rich agroforests can support biodiversity conservation. Command- and-control conservation approaches tend to create sharp distinctions between protected areas and surrounding agriculture. Can a village agroforest forest landscape gradient be stable? Or is it...


Tata HLWidayati AMulyoutami ENoordwijk, Meine van[Co-existence of people and orangutan in Sumatra. Stabilising gradients for landscape multifunctionality]Co-existence of people and orangutan in Sumatra. Stabilising gradients for landscape multifunctionality

In this section we provide a more in-depth look at the role trees play in the provision of goods and services in multifunctional landscapes. Tree growth is, however, vulnerable to climate variability, depending on the physiological properties of the tree and characteristics of the site. A further...


Jamnadass, Ramni H.Gebrekirstos, AsterNeufeldt, HenryMuthuri CDawson, I.Kindt, RoelandNyberg YDietz, JohannesBayala, JulesKuyah SOng CKSotelo Montes, CarmenWeber, John C.Hairiah KNoordwijk, Meine van[Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change]Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change

As long as natural forests can be accessed as local sources of timber, there is little incentive for farmers to grow timber on their own land. Early successes with national programs for farmer tree planting in the Philippines were achieved with fast growing trees that brought disappointingly lo...


Santos-Martin FBertomeu MNoordwijk, Meine vanNavarro, Rafael[Why smallholders plant native timber trees away from the forest margin: Lessons from Leyte, the Philippines]Why smallholders plant native timber trees away from the forest margin: Lessons from Leyte, the Philippines

In the context of the wider debate on reduction of carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and forest degradation, this report reviews current tools and methodologies for the planning of emissions reductions projects across all land uses in a REALU (Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses) val...


Bernard FMinang, Peter A.Noordwijk, Meine van[Review of current tools and methods for REDD+ and REALU value chains]Review of current tools and methods for REDD+ and REALU value chains

Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD ) should focus on places where such emissions occur. Protected Areas (PAs) are, in theory, protected and hence, should have no emissions associated with land use/land cover change. In practice rotection is incomplete. Can PAs be included...


JanudiantoMulyoutami EJoshi, LaxmanWardell DANoordwijk, Meine van[Recognizing traditional tree tenure as part of conservation and REDD+ strategy]Recognizing traditional tree tenure as part of conservation and REDD+ strategy

In this final section we will discuss the interrelationships among people, trees and local climate (the inner circle of the diagram), and all the surrounding issues at national and international levels, and then relate our current understanding and knowledge of these interrelations to opportuniti...


Leimona BNoordwijk, Meine vanJoshi, LaxmanCatacutan, D.Yatich, T.Dietz, JohannesMwangi HGathenya JMMuthuri CSinclair, Fergus L.Bhattarai, S.Onyango, LeahSuyantoKalinganire, AntoineNoordin QBayala, JulesGebrekirstos, AsterTscherning KDuque Piñon, C.[Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as source of environmental services]Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as source of environmental services

This book focuses on the relationship between climate-change adaptation, rural development and the roles of trees and agroforestry. Rewards' schemes for environmental services (RES) in multifunctional landscapes, which provide incentives for maintaining or restoring multifunctionality, will contr...


Noordwijk, Meine vanHoang, Minh HaNeufeldt, HenryÖborn, IngridYatich, T.[How trees and people can co- adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes]How trees and people can co- adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes

The main argument in this section is that changing (or 'transforming') landscapes and lives are mutually dependent on each other, as they are closely linked in time and space. Within the landscape continuum, the roles of landscape elements in supplying goods and services to local livelihoods, how...


Noordwijk, Meine vanOnyango, LeahKalinganire, AntoineJoshi, LaxmanHoang, Minh HaNdichu, NestryJamnadass, Ramni H.[Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes]Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes

The early studies of the ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins stratified the domain for study into stages of a generic transition pathway that suggested a strongly non-linear trajectory of change. In this scheme, a phase of degradation of aboveground vegetation, based on over-logging o...


Meyfroidt PNoordwijk, Meine vanMinang, Peter A.Dewi, S.Lambin EF[Drivers and consequences of tropical forest transitions: options to bypass land degradation?]Drivers and consequences of tropical forest transitions: options to bypass land degradation?

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