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We investigated the spatiotemporal variability of drought incidence in Pakistan during 1960–2007 by calculating Standardized Precipitation Index fields for 3-, 6- and 12-month scales using gridded precipitation data. Principal component analysis revealed that droughts are wide-spread and often oc...


Xie HRingler, ClaudiaZhu, T.Waqas A[Droughts in Pakistan: A spatiotemporal variability analysis using the standardized precipitation index]Droughts in Pakistan: A spatiotemporal variability analysis using the standardized precipitation index

Climate change is expected to considerably affect the water resources in the Indus River basin in Pakistan and thus agricultural production in the country. This article reports an analysis of the impacts of various climate scenarios on both water resources and food production out to 2050. While c...


Zhu, T.Ringler, ClaudiaIqbal MMSulser TBGoheer MA[Climate change impacts and adaptation options for water and food in Pakistan: scenario analysis using an integrated global water and food projections model]Climate change impacts and adaptation options for water and food in Pakistan: scenario analysis using an integrated global water and food projections model
Liu, JingHertel, Thomas W.Taheripour, FarzadZhu, TingjuRingler, Claudia[Water scarcity and international agricultural trade]Water scarcity and international agricultural trade

The resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 25 September 2015 is symptomatic of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus. It postulates goals and related targets for 2030 that include (1) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agricu...


Ringler, ClaudiaWillenbockel, DirkPérez, Nicostrato D.Rosegrant, Mark W.Zhu, TingjuMatthews, Nathaniel[Global linkages among energy, food and water: an economic assessment]Global linkages among energy, food and water: an economic assessment

One of humanity’s major challenges of the 21st century will be meeting future food demands on an increasingly resource constrained-planet. Global food production will have to rise by 70 percent between 2000 and 2050 to meet effective demand which poses major challenges to food production systems....


Flachsbarth, I.Willaarts, B.Xie, H.Pitois, G.Mueller, N.D.Ringler, ClaudiaGarrido, A.[The Role of Latin America’s Land and Water Resources for Global Food Security: Environmental Trade-Offs of Future Food Production Pathways.]The Role of Latin America’s Land and Water Resources for Global Food Security: Environmental Trade-Offs of Future Food Production Pathways.

There is increasing interest in the water–food nexus, especially the restrictive effect of water on food production in hot spots where irrigation stress is growing. However, little is known about the larger-scale implications of future irrigation shortfalls for global trade and economic welfare, ...


Liu, J.Hertel, F.Zhu, T.Ringler, Claudia[International trade buffers the impact of future irrigation shortfalls. Global Environmental Change]International trade buffers the impact of future irrigation shortfalls. Global Environmental Change
Ringler, ClaudiaBhaduri, AnikLawford, R.[The Nexus Across Water, Energy, Land and Food (WELF): Potential for Improved Resource Use Efficiency?]The Nexus Across Water, Energy, Land and Food (WELF): Potential for Improved Resource Use Efficiency?

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