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Implementing financial incentives to motivate farmers to reduce the risks of using untreated wastewater for irrigation is not feasible in most agricultural settings in developing countries. Much wastewater is diverted informally from streams and ditches, with no accounting of the volumes used by ...


Wichelns, DennisOwaygen, M.Redwood, M.[Developing country farmers need more than financial incentives to reduce the risks of wastewater irrigation]Developing country farmers need more than financial incentives to reduce the risks of wastewater irrigation

The topic of virtual water has received substantial attention in recent years, both in scholarly literature and the popular press. Many authors have described the "flow of virtual water? between countries that engage in the trade of agricultural crops and livestock products. Some have suggested t...


Wichelns, Dennis[Virtual water: a helpful perspective, but not a sufficient policy criterion]Virtual water: a helpful perspective, but not a sufficient policy criterion

This article describes the conceptual advantages of including economic incentives in the basket of policy alternatives available for motivating improvements in water quality. With a particular focus on Asia, we discuss the incentives available for encouraging reductions in point and nonpoint sour...


Balasubramanya, SoumyaWichelns, Dennis[Economic incentives can enhance policy efforts to improve water quality in Asia]Economic incentives can enhance policy efforts to improve water quality in Asia

The authors of the recently completed Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture (CA) concluded that there are sufficient water resources to produce food for a growing population but that trends in consumption, production and environmental patterns, if continued, will lead to wat...


Fraiture, Charlotte deDavid, S.Wichelns, Dennis[Investing in water for food, ecosystems, and livelihoods: an overview of the comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture]Investing in water for food, ecosystems, and livelihoods: an overview of the comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture

Vietnam has pilot-tested a payment for forest environmental services (PFES) program in an effort to restore and protect forest areas, some of which have been severely degraded by the excessive cutting of trees by small-scale farmers planting annual crops on steep, sloping lands. The pilot program...


Lan, Le NgocWichelns, DennisMilan, FlorenceHoanh, Chu ThaiDuy Phuong, Nguyen[Household opportunity costs of protecting and developing forest lands in Son La and Hoa Binh Provinces, Vietnam]Household opportunity costs of protecting and developing forest lands in Son La and Hoa Binh Provinces, Vietnam

Payments for ecosystem services often are viewed as an innovative approach toward improving natural resource management, while also providing opportunities for enhancing incomes and livelihoods. Yet not all PES programs are designed and implemented in ways that reflect voluntary transactions betw...


Suhardiman, DianaWichelns, DennisLestrelin, GuillaumeHoanh, Chu Thai[Payments for ecosystem services in Vietnam: market-based incentives or state control of resources?]Payments for ecosystem services in Vietnam: market-based incentives or state control of resources?

Much of the literature regarding virtual water and water footprints focuses on the potential water savings that might be realized when water-short countries import water-intensive agricultural goods from countries with larger water endowments. Some of the published estimates of potential national...


Wichelns, Dennis[Virtual water and water footprints offer limited insight regarding important policy questions]Virtual water and water footprints offer limited insight regarding important policy questions
Wichelns, Dennis[Embracing uncertainty to improve water management, with examples from seven river basins. Review essay on "Mysiak, J.; Henrikson, H. J.; Sullivan, C.; Bromley, J.; Pahl-Wostl, C. 2009. The adaptive water resource management handbook. London, UK: Earthscan"]Embracing uncertainty to improve water management, with examples from seven river basins. Review essay on "Mysiak, J.; Henrikson, H. J.; Sullivan, C.; Bromley, J.; Pahl-Wostl, C. 2009. The adaptive water resource management handbook. London, UK: Earthscan"

The global demand for water in agriculture will increase over time with increasing population, rising incomes, and changes in dietary preferences. Increasing demands for water by industrial and urban users, and water for the environment will intensify competition. At the same time, water scarcity...


Fraiture, Charlotte deWichelns, Dennis[Satisfying future water demands for agriculture]Satisfying future water demands for agriculture

The notions of virtual water and water footprints are gaining popularity among researchers and practitioners in the eld of water resources. Many of the published articles include statements suggesting that public policies regarding water allocation, agriculture, or international trade should re e...


Wichelns, Dennis[Do the virtual water and water footprint perspectives enhance policy discussions?]Do the virtual water and water footprint perspectives enhance policy discussions?

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