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Estimating the incomes of people whose livelihoods depend on the forests is a key to understanding their well being and the use of the forest. Yet there has been little agreement about the methods to undertake such assessment. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the methods availab...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Nawir, A.A.[Estimating the incomes of people who depend on forests]Estimating the incomes of people who depend on forests

CIFOR facilitated 27 communities in the Upper Malinau watershed to develop agreements about their village boundaries and map them through participatory methods. Decentralization reforms created new values of forest resources and uncertainties that increased conflict over local resources. The auth...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Anau, N.Iwan, R.Heist, M. vanLimberg, G.Sudana, M.[Building agreements among stakeholders]Building agreements among stakeholders

This chapter concludes from a study of the impacts of forest devolution policies in China, India and the Philippines that devolution has had significant impacts, but mostly on increasing forest cover. Changes in livelihoods were mixed, and control over forests was little changed. In some cases, d...


Edmunds, D.Wollenberg, Eva K.Contreras, A.P.Liu DachangKelkar, G.Nathan, D.Sarin, M.Singh, N.M.[Local forest management: conclusion]Local forest management: conclusion
Wollenberg, Eva K.Iwan, R.Limberg, G.Moeliono, M.Sudana, I.M.Uluk, A.Anau, N.Heist, M. van[From participation to partnership: devolution, forest communities and CIFOR in Malinau, Indonesia]From participation to partnership: devolution, forest communities and CIFOR in Malinau, Indonesia

Pluralism is a political belief that acknowledges individuals’ rights to pursue their interests, but requires society to resolve differences where they infringe upon each other. This guide shows how pluralism helps people to value social differences and provides clear principles and rules about h...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Anderson, J.López, C.[Though all things differ: pluralism as a basis for cooperation in forests]Though all things differ: pluralism as a basis for cooperation in forests

Decentralization in post-Soeharto Indonesia has not only changed state and society relations at the local level, but brought increased control over forests at the district level. Local social forces gained more influence because of their close relations with local government and acted to limit th...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Moeliono, M.Limberg, G.Iwan, R.Rhee, S.Sudana, M.[Between state and society: Local governance of forests in Malinau, Indonesia]Between state and society: Local governance of forests in Malinau, Indonesia
Chokkalingam, U.Sabogal C.Almeida, E.Carandang, A.P.Gumartini, T.Jong, W. deBrienza, S.Meza Lopez, A.MurniatiNawir, A.A.Wibowo, L.R.Toma, T.Wollenberg, Eva K.Zhou Zaichi[Local participation, livelihood needs, and institutional arrangements: three keys to sustainable rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest lands]Local participation, livelihood needs, and institutional arrangements: three keys to sustainable rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest lands

Malinau District, established through partition in 1999, is the largest district in East Kalimantan and contains some of its largest tracts of forest. With decentralization, the district has sought to generate revenues from its forests, but these efforts have been handicapped by a concurrent lack...


Barr, C.Wollenberg, Eva K.Limberg, G.Anau, N.Iwan, R.Sudana, I.M.Moeliono, M.Djogo, T.[The impacts of decentralisation on forests and forest-dependent communities in Malinau district, East Kalimantan]The impacts of decentralisation on forests and forest-dependent communities in Malinau district, East Kalimantan

This special issue contains an editorial and seven articles. They examine the emerging pluralism in the governance of forests. Forests are naturally suited to pluralistic decision-making because of the many products and services they provide. They often involve complex arrangements for accommodat...


Wollenberg, Eva K.Edmunds, D.Anderson, J.[Accommodating multiple interests in local forest management]Accommodating multiple interests in local forest management

This chapter synthesizes results from case studies of the effects of devolution policies on the management of forests in three Asian countries, China, India and the Philippines. It also seeks to explain the disappointing impacts of forest devolution policies in terms of the divergent interests an...


Edmunds, D.Wollenberg, Eva K.[Whose devolution is it anyway? divergent constructs, interests and capacities between the poorest forest users and states]Whose devolution is it anyway? divergent constructs, interests and capacities between the poorest forest users and states

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