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Experimentation and the importance of controls is discussed. Methods of calculating minimum numbers of animals for any particular experiment are given and it is noted that these numbers are often inconveniently large for experiments using draught animals. In certain circumstances animals can be u...


Lawrence, P.R.Pearson, R.A.[Experimental methods in draught animal research]Experimental methods in draught animal research

Forty-eight heifers of two genotypes, Boran (Bos indicus) and Holstein×Boran, were allocated to three feeding levels equivalent to 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 times calculated metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm). The experiment started at the onset of reproductive activity, when the Bora...


Jenet, A.Fernández Rivera, S.Tegegne, AzageYimegnuhal, A.Osuji, P.O.Kreuzer, M.[Growth and feed conversion of Boran (Bos indicus) and Holstein X Boran heifers during three physiological states receiving different levels of a tropical diet]Growth and feed conversion of Boran (Bos indicus) and Holstein X Boran heifers during three physiological states receiving different levels of a tropical diet

Eighteen oxen were allotted to three treatment groups according to their body condition: poor, medium and good. Work output, speed, live weight and body condition were measured during 7 weeks when animals worked 4 days/ week, 4 h/day, pulling loads equivalent to 12.5 kg/100 kg live weight. The an...


Fall, AbdouPearson, R.A.Fernández Rivera, S.[Nutrition of draught oxen in semi-arid West Africa. 3. Effect of body condition prior to work and weight losses during work on food intake and work output]Nutrition of draught oxen in semi-arid West Africa. 3. Effect of body condition prior to work and weight losses during work on food intake and work output

The design and development of a reversible animal-drawn plough and a ridger is presented. The plough was developed on the basis of laboratory experiments reported earlier to determine optimum parameters for acurved implement. The basic design principles of conventional mouldboard ploughs and an a...


Gebresenbet, G.Zerbini, E.Astatke, A.Kaumbutho, P.[Optimization of animal drawn tillage implement systems: Part 2, Development of a reversible plough and a ridger]Optimization of animal drawn tillage implement systems: Part 2, Development of a reversible plough and a ridger

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between work and intake and digestion of food by draught oxen given millet stover. In the first experiment, intake of millet stover, water intake, live weight, plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine and urea-nitrogen we...


Fall, AbdouPearson, R.A.Lawrence, P.R.Fernández Rivera, S.[Nutrition of draught oxen in semi-arid West Africa. 2. Effect of work on intake, apparent digestibility and rate of passage of food through the gastro-intestinal tract in draught oxen given crop residues]Nutrition of draught oxen in semi-arid West Africa. 2. Effect of work on intake, apparent digestibility and rate of passage of food through the gastro-intestinal tract in draught oxen given crop residues

This study was conducted to determine the energy expenditure of draft oxen working on sandy soils, performing common agricultural tasks, so that energy requirements could be determined; to establish the relationships between work and intake and digestibility of roughages by draft oxen; to investi...


Fall, AbdouPearson, R.A.Lawrence, P.R.Fernández Rivera, S.[Feeding and working strategies for oxen used for draft purposes in semi-arid West Africa]Feeding and working strategies for oxen used for draft purposes in semi-arid West Africa

This discussion which is based on output/input ratios includes many factors which are likely to be extremely important in relation to the overall utilization of feed by multipurpose cattle. It compares different output/input ratios (biological efficiencies) for draught work, beef production, milk...


Zerbini, E.Gebre-Wold, A.[Output/input ratios in single and multipurpose cattle]Output/input ratios in single and multipurpose cattle

This paper deals briefly with the potential of cow traction in the Ethiopian highlands farming systems with particular reference to energy requirements and feeding and strategies. Examines cow energy requirements for work, maintainance, milk production, and pregnancy; and effect of draft work on ...


Zerbini, E.Asamenew, G.[Potential of cow traction in the Ethiopian highlands farming system]Potential of cow traction in the Ethiopian highlands farming system

Based on the promising results obtained from on-station, the dairy-draught study was further taken to on-farm for testing it under the Ethiopian smallholder farmers' management conditions. The study was undertaken in Holetta and Addis Alem areas between 1993 and 1997. Mean daily milk yield was si...


Alemayehu, M.Gebre-Wold, A.Tegegne, Azage[Use of crossbred cows for dairy-draught under smallholders farm conditions of Holetta area]Use of crossbred cows for dairy-draught under smallholders farm conditions of Holetta area

The domestic buffalo occupies an important place amongst the domestic animals of the tropics as a provider of dairy produce, beef and draught power. As dairy animal under a small scale buffalo operation in India, the buffalo has a milk yield of 1000-1500 liters (1030-1545 kg) in about 200 days of...


Taye, T.Ayalew, W.[Would introducing the domestic buffalo into Ethiopia be worthwhile?]Would introducing the domestic buffalo into Ethiopia be worthwhile?

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