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Loggers, miners and rural communities all exploit forests in unsustainable ways in search of profits and means of subsistence. They are the primary actors in forest decline and their immediate motivations are the direct causes of deforestation and degradation. However, these motivations are deter...


Contreras-Hermosilla, A.[The underlying causes of forest decline]The underlying causes of forest decline

Komatsu Ltd. and the Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development Center (FNCRDC) of the Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia have developed a cutting propagation technique for dipterocarp species. This technique uses a fog-cooling system to lower the temperature inside cutting boxes in a g...


Sakai, C.Subiakto, A.Heriansyah, I.Nuroniah, H.S.[Rehabilitation of degraded forest with Shorea leprosula and S. selanica cuttings]Rehabilitation of degraded forest with Shorea leprosula and S. selanica cuttings
Ndoye, O.Ruiz Perez, M.Eyebe, A.[NTFP markets and potential degradation of forest resources in Cameroon: the case of garcinia lucida]NTFP markets and potential degradation of forest resources in Cameroon: the case of garcinia lucida
Autor: Tacconi, L.

Fires are considered a potential threat to sustainable development for their direct impacts on ecosystems, their contribution to carbon emissions, and impacts on biodiversity. In 1997/98, Indonesia had the most severe fires worldwide, and smoke haze pollution recurs yearly. The fire-related polic...


Tacconi, L.[Fires in Indonesia: causes, costs and policy implications]Fires in Indonesia: causes, costs and policy implications
Autor: Liu Dachang

Degradation of forests and forest lands is a problem in many parts of the world and is particularly serious in south China. Chinese forest policy reforms in recent years have enabled rural households to generate income from forests, to own the trees they have planted, and have offered new opportu...


Liu Dachang[Rehabilitation of degraded forests to improve livelihoods of poor farmers in South China]Rehabilitation of degraded forests to improve livelihoods of poor farmers in South China

Exotic tree species predominate in reforestation in tropical regions worldwide. However, some native species are suitable for plantations, providing a wider variety of products. Adequate government programs of incentives, coupled with good technical advice to farmers, are needed to stimulate refo...


Piotto, D.Montagnini, F.Ugalde, L.Kanninen, M.[Performance of forest plantations in small and medium-sized farms in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica]Performance of forest plantations in small and medium-sized farms in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica
Autor: Kobayashi, S.

Tropical forest area is disappearing at the rate of 13.5 million ha each year, due mainly to clearing for agriculture and shifting cultivation. Timber harvesting results in more than 5 million ha of tropical forest annually being transformed into degraded, poorly managed, logged-over forests. The...


Kobayashi, S.[Landscape rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest ecosystems: case study of the CIFOR/Japan project in Indonesia and Peru]Landscape rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest ecosystems: case study of the CIFOR/Japan project in Indonesia and Peru

Overlogged forests are degraded but nevertheless important. They may continue to be a source of timber and supply an important amount of forest products, particularly for local people who livelihoods depend on their extraction. One aspect of restoration would be to prevent adding more overlogged ...


Sabogal, C.Nasi, Robert[Restoring overlogged tropical forests]Restoring overlogged tropical forests

This chapter develops a framework to explore examples of adaptation options that could be used to ensure that the ecosystem services provided by forests are maintained under future climates. The services are divided into broad areas within which managers can identify specific management goals for...


Innes, J.Joyce, L.A.Kellomäki, SLouman, B.Ogden, A.Parrotta, J.A.Thompson, IAyres, M.Ong, CSantoso, H.Sohngen, B.Wreford, A.[Management for adaptation]Management for adaptation

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