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This is designed to supplement 'the BAG' and 'the Grab Bag'. It provides a scoring method that can be used with the two manuals, to come to a decision about particular criteria and indicators in particular forest and human settings. Following the section on scoring is a section on analysis. It be...

The Grab Bag' is designed to complement 'the BAG' and for use by social scientists who may find 'the BAG' overly prescriptive. The eight methods presented are either more difficult for non-social scientists to use or, in a couple of cases, can substitute for one or more method presented in 'the B...

Current trends to improve the adaptiveness of community forest management focus on monitoring past actions and emphasize internal dynamics. We show how scenario methods can be used to 1) enable managers to better understand landscape and larger scale forces for change and to work with stakeholder...

Scenario methods can be used to anticipate the future and expand the creativity of people thinking about complex forest management situations. This manual describes the use of scenarios with multiple stakeholders, with examples drawn from community-based forest management. Four classes of scenari...

Efforts to link conservation and development have met with substantial challenge. Although integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) raised hopes that "win-win" outcomes were possible, experience has shown the many difficulties of protecting international and local agendas for cons...

This paper looks at forests as sources of local environmental services (e.g. nutrient recycling and soil formation). It is through the fall in supply of these services that forest communities bear the external costs that are not included in the price of timber and other forest products. Local env...

This case study of the Hani in the Ailao mountains of Yunnan, China, highlights the importance of forests in providing local ecological services that are essential for the system of terraced agriculture. The paper investigates local people's knowledge of these ecological services, including water...

Tropical large-scale industrial plantations are rapidly expanding as a source of industrial wood and fuel and are also often used as part of afforestation and reforestation schemes. The article explores how appropriate design and management of natural forest corridors and remnant patches may be u...

The total amount of industrial plantations around the world is still small compared with the total are of global forests, but plantation forestry in the tropics is expected to increase quickly because of growing demand for timber and the depletion of wood from natural forests. Forestry plantation...

Scenario methods can be used to anticipate the future and expand the creativity of people thinking about complex forest management situations. This manual describes the use of scenarios with multiple stakeholders, with examples drawn from community-based forest management. Four classes of scenari...